模拟氮沉降对内蒙古克氏针茅草原N2O排放的影响

随着工农业和社会的快速发展,我国成为全世界氮沉降最高的国家之一,温带草原地区的氮沉降水平局部可能超过3g·(m~2·a)~(-1).为研究氮沉降对我国典型草原生态系统氮循环的影响,在内蒙古太仆寺旗的克氏针茅草原,对土壤氧化亚氮(N_2O)的排放进行了为期1 a测定;同时,对该天然草地施加Na NO_3~-N以模拟氮沉降增加,进行了6个水平:CK(对照)、N_2[2g·(m~2·a)~(-1)]、N5[5 g·(m~2·a)~(-1)]、N10[10 g·(m~2·a)~(-1)]、N_25[25 g·(m~2·a)~(-1)]和N50[50 g·(m~2·a)~(-1)]的野外控制实验.结果表明,在自然氮沉降条件下,该生态系统N_2O的排放主要取决于土壤含水量和土壤温度,通过参数拟合估计全年N_2O-N排放量为0.10 g·(m~2·a)~(-1),约为当地氮沉降量的3%.而提高氮沉降可以显著提高N_2O的排放,特别是在高氮处理下(N_25和N50),N_2O的年排放量与模拟氮沉降量呈线性关系.我国温带典型草原较高的温室气体N_2O排放值得关注.     

草原生态补奖政策对农牧民牲畜养殖规模的影响——基于生计分化的调节效应分析

实现对牲畜养殖规模的有效管控是草原生态补奖政策成败的关键。在农牧民生计分化日益加深的背景下,探讨草原生态补奖政策与生计分化对农牧民牲畜养殖规模的影响,对于完善草原生态补奖政策,实现草原生态保护与农牧民生计转换的有机结合具有重要的现实意义。本文阐释了草原生态补奖政策影响农牧民牲畜养殖规模的机理,并引入生计分化变量,基于实地调研获取的317份农牧交错区农牧民微观数据,运用最小二乘回归和分位数回归实证分析了草原生态补奖政策对农牧民牲畜养殖规模的影响以及生计分化在草原生态补奖政策影响农牧民牲畜养殖规模中的调节效应。研究结果表明:①补奖金额与牲畜养殖规模之间存在稳健的“倒U型”关系,表明补奖政策在短期内对牲畜数量的增加具有积极的促进作用,但随着补奖金额的增加,促进作用将逐渐减弱,最终趋于抑制。②根据非农牧收入占比和生计对牧业生产依赖程度的差异可将农牧民分为牧业为主型、农业为主型、均衡型、高兼型和深兼型五种类型农牧民。③农牧民生计分化对牲畜养殖规模的扩大具有抑制作用,且在草原生态补奖政策与牲畜养殖规模二者关系中具有调节作用。即在“倒U型”曲线的左侧,生计分化能够弱化草原生态补奖政策对牲畜养殖规模扩大的促进作用;在“倒U型”曲线的右侧,生计分化能够促使补奖金额对牲畜养殖规模的负向影响趋于放缓,有助于避免因补奖金额的增加引致牲畜养殖数量的锐减。根据以上结论,建议政府应进一步提高补奖标准以增强补奖弥补损失的有效性,重视发挥农牧民生计分化在牲畜养殖规模调控中的作用。     

Changes in desert steppe soil culturable bacteria from northwestern China and correlation with physicochemical parameters

Seasonal variations effects on desert steppe soil culturable bacteria in northwestern China and physicochemical parameters were investigated. Soil temperature ranged from 5.37 to 23.73 °C. Moisture content varied from 3.22% to 7.62%. The pH was between 7.98 and 8.72. Soil nutrients were altered in different seasons. Total potassium (K) remained the same, but available K levels ranged from 101.29 to 227.55 mg/kg. The culturable bacterial counts in January, April, July and October were 0.13 × 10⁷, 4.09 × 10⁷, 5.33 × 10⁷ and 1.8 × 10⁷ colony forming units (cfu)/g, respectively. Bacterial populations were most abundant in surface layers and declined with increase of soil depth. Seventy-two bacterial strains were isolated and classified according to 27 genera of 5 phyla groups: Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria and Bacteroidates. The bacterial diversities varied according to seasons. In spring, only Firmicutes and Actinobacteria were isolated. In summer, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes were detected with Firmicutes the dominant species. In autumn and winter, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, α-Proteobacteria and γ-Proteobacteria predominated. Our results indicated that climatic variations, vegetation coverage and soil physicochemical parameters are critical factors for maintaining culturable bacterial populations and diversity in the desert steppe. Soil moisture content and temperature exerted marked influence on bacterial quantities and diversities.     

内蒙古东乌珠穆沁旗草甸草原生态环境时空演变分析

选取内蒙古东乌珠穆沁旗满都胡宝拉格草甸草原为研究区,在遥感和GIS技术的支撑下,以景观生态学理论为指导,通过分析该地区近15年来四个时期景观类型的空间格局、演化态势和变化规律,从景观视角挖掘出格局信息与生态环境变化之间的内在关联性,运用马尔科夫链模型对未来草原景观格局变化的趋势进行了模拟和预测,并分析了该地区生态环境变化的驱动机制,为科学利用和保护草地资源、保证区域可持续发展提供了科学依据。     

Spatio-temporal ranging behaviour and its relevance to foraging strategies in wide-ranging wolverines

Conservation of carnivores in an increasingly changing environment is greatly helped by understanding the decision-making processes underlying habitat patch choice. Foraging theory may give us insight into spatio-temporal search patterns and consequent foraging decisions that carnivores make in heterogeneous and fluctuating environments. Constraints placed on central-place foragers in particular are likely to influence both foraging decisions and related spatio-temporal movement patterns. We used discrete choice models to investigate the spatio-temporal ranging behaviour of GPS collared female wolverines (Gulo gulo) with dependent cubs in south-central Norway. Activity patterns, home range use and selection for elevation were analyzed in relation to spatial and temporal covariates (daily and seasonal) and related to different foraging behaviours. In spring, wolverines showed restricted movement patterns around rendezvous sites at high elevations by day, whereas during the night animals were active at lower elevations. Over the summer, this daily pattern in intensity of use diminished and their overall selectiveness for elevation decreased as cubs grow more mobile and independent. At the onset of autumn, wolverines showed intensive use of the profitable forest-alpine tundra ecotone. We argue that reproducing wolverines deployed a foraging strategy attuned to altering their movement patterns throughout the summer to address a continuous, but diminishing, trade-off between providing both food and shelter for their offspring. Incorporating spatially and temporally explicit activity patterns and home range use in discrete choice resource selection models thus enhances the understanding of the motives behind wolverine resource utilization in space and time. Such knowledge may provide guidance to managers designing regional-scale zoning, in order to facilitate carnivore recovery and to minimize conflicts with human activities.     

不同干扰类型对呼伦贝尔草甸草原群落结构及物种多样性影响的比较

采用样方法,对比研究了2009—2011年刈割和围封干扰对呼伦贝尔草甸草原植物群落结构和物种多样性的影响. 结果表明:2009—2011年,围封干扰下建群种种群相对重要值分别为15.67%、17.73%、17.60%;而刈割干扰下建群种种群相对重要值分别为16.86%、14.84%、12.36%,呈明显下降趋势;表明围封干扰可促进建群种种群生长,而刈割则有一定的抑制作用. 2种干扰类型导致的植物群落生态类型变化趋势差异尚不显著. 2009—2011年,刈割干扰下,Margalef物种丰富度指数分别为6.05、4.58、4.27,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数分别为3.13、2.89、2.79,Pielou均匀度指数分别为0.90、0.91、0.90;围封干扰下,Margalef物种丰富度指数分别为6.46、6.03、5.32,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数分别为3.26、3.18、2.98,Pielou均匀度指数分别为0.87、0.87、0.85. 可见,在相同年份,刈割干扰下Margalef物种丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数均低于围封干扰,Pielou均匀度指数均高于围封干扰. 说明围封干扰有利于植物物种多样性的维持,而适度的刈割干扰则有利于植物群落的均一化.      

白洋淀水陆交错带N20还原酶基因（nosE）与反硝化活性的垂直分布研究

为深入剖析水陆交错带N2O释放热区的机理,选择白洋淀一处典型水陆交错带为研究对象。通过对其纵剖面（0～80cm）分层土壤样品的理化指标、反硝化速率（DNR）、N2O产生速率及N2O还原酶基因（NosZ）丰度和多样性的分析发现,在水陆交错带陆域纵剖面中,表层土壤（0～10cm）的反硝化速率（DNR）和N2O产生速率均最高,分别为65．8和9．41nmol·g^-1·h^-1（以N及dw计）;表层（0～10cm）和亚表层（10～20cm）土壤的nosZ基因丰度最高（分别为1．00×10^10genecopies·g^-1dw和9．23×10^9genecopies·g^-1dw）且没有显著性差异（p〈0．05）。生物多样性指数表明,表层土壤的nosZ基因生物多样性高于底层;在系统发育树中,表层和底层土壤的nosZ基因序列并没有明显的界限。Pearson相关性分析表明,在典型水陆交错带陆域纵剖面中,nosZ基因丰度与N2O／N2O＋N2）呈负相关关系（r=0．766,p〈0．05）,表明在水陆交错带区域nosZ基因丰度是N2O转化的指示指标。     

北方农牧交错带干旱脆弱性时空格局演变

干旱脆弱性研究为北方农牧交错带人地系统的“整合”研究提供了新思路与分析框架。论文运用VSD脆弱性评估框架,将系统脆弱性分解为暴露度、敏感性、适应能力3个维度,以北方农牧交错带112个县域为研究单元,以2000、2008、2015年社会经济统计数据、气象数据、遥感影像数据为研究基础,运用模糊层次分析、空间热点探测分析和变异系数分析等方法,对各县域干旱脆弱性时空演变特征进行分析与总结。研究结论：1）研究区干旱脆弱性指数逐步降低,整体呈现东北地区低脆弱、西南地区高脆弱的空间格局。2）研究区暴露度指数先上升、后下降,且由东北向西南逐渐增高;敏感性指数先下降、后上升,呈现空间碎片化特征;适应能力指数逐步提高,呈现中部高度适应、东部中度适应、西部低度适应的格局。3）研究区干旱脆弱性差异度先增大、后减小,且呈现西、南部差异度大,东、北部差异度小的格局。4）研究区干旱脆弱性冷、热点个数增加明显,2000—2008年冷热点个数增加最明显;空间上,热点先由中部向西部蔓延,冷点由东部边界区向西部、南部扩展,形成了东部边界冷点集聚带和中、西部热点集聚区。     

Valuation of Ecological Resources and Functions

/ Ecological resources are natural resources that provide certain necessary but overlooked system maintenance functions within ecosystems. Environmental economics is in search of an appropriate analysis framework to determine economic values of such resources. This paper presents a framework that estimates and compiles the components of value for a natural ecosystem. The framework begins with the ecological processes involved, which provide functions within the ecosystem and services valued by humans. We discuss the additive or competive nature of these values, and estimate these values through conventional and unconventional techniques. We apply the framework to ecological resources in a shrub-steppe dryland habitat being displaced by development. We first determine which functions and services are mutually exclusive (e.g., farming vs soil stabilization) and which are complementary or products of joint production (e.g., soil stabilization and maintenance of species). We then apply benefit transfer principles with contingent valuation methodology (CVM), travel cost methodology (TCM), and hedonic damage pricing (HDP). Finally, we derive upper-limit values for more difficult-to-value functions through the use of human analogs, which we argue are the most appropriate method of valuation under some circumstances. The highest values of natural shrub-steppe habitat appear to be derived from soil stabilization.KEY WORDS: Natural resource economics; Ecological economics; Ecological resources; Shrub-steppe; Environmental valuation; Cost; Benefit; Value     

宁夏荒漠草原恢复演替过程中物种多样性与生产力的变化

荒漠草原一直是生态学者关注的焦点。文章以宁夏灵武的荒漠草原区为研究对象,对围栏条件下退化群落的物种多样性、生产力和群落演替及其生态机制进行探讨,为荒漠草原的植被恢复和重建提供理论基础。结果表明:群落生产力除受物种多样性的影响外,也受物种本身特征和环境资源的影响。在荒漠草原中功能群盖度与群落初级生产力无显著的相关关系。荒漠植物群落物种多样性指数在时间尺度上的变化表现为随着围栏时间的延续逐渐增加,而生态优势度变化趋势则相反。在不同年份年降水量直接影响植物群落物种数的多少、丰富度和生产力。